From: eugene.leitl@lrz.uni-muenchen.de
Date: Thu Jul 13 2000 - 15:42:49 PDT
From: Dave Farber <farber@cis.upenn.edu>
The Fable of the Names
by Whoever
How It All Started
Once upon a time, a long time ago, in a small kingdom by the sea, a son was
born to a proud father.
This was no ordinary father -- he was, in fact, the king of this small
kingdom.
The kingdom, a pleasant, densely forested sort of place, had no special
name. It was simply known as "here."
And the king, like everyone else in his kingdom, also had no special,
personal name.
He was simply known as "the king" or "your highness" (or "you" or "I" or
"hey," depending on who was talking at the time).
Justifiable Pride
The king was enormously proud of his son (his first and only child). The son
(known as "the King's son," and later as "I" or "hey") grew quickly and
rambled freely through the little kingdom, watching the waves keenly and
enjoying the peace and quiet of the land.
It came time for the son's eighteenth birthday.
The king, who was an imaginative and cheerful man, was simply bursting with
pride and happiness on the day of his son's birthday (which happened to be a
sunny, breezy day).
Suddenly, a wildly creative thought struck the King. "My son needs to be
called something special! I should give him a name of his very own as a
birthday gift."
The Name
So he did. The king announced to the people of his kingdom that his son
would from that day forward be known as Prince Hal.
This was a first.
No one in the kingdom had ever had a special name before.
No thing in the kingdom had ever had its own special name before.
Everything had always been known in terms of relationships or location or
size or number. Even the king's castle was simply known as "Main Building."
If asked where somebody lived, people would say (for example), "Second house
on the fourth street to the left."
And anyone who needed to refer to a particular shop would use the license
number issued to the shopkeeper when it opened for business. "43," for
example, was a favorite ice cream store.
(By the way, there was never any confusion about all this -- the kingdom was
a small and peaceful place.)
So when the king named his son Hal, the people were astonished.
More Names
Special names immediately became fashionable.
(So did the narrow-toed shoes with bells that Prince Hal was wearing on his
birthday, but they lost popularity rapidly when the people discovered how
uncomfortable they really were.)
Suddenly, the people started to give special names to themselves and to all
the things around them.
People who had been "I" and "you" or "father" or "my best friend" declared
that they were now Penelope or Mildred or Ezekiel.
Birds were given elaborate latinate names.
Merchants' shops (which had been called "second from the right" or "there"
or "76" since time immemorial) began to call themselves Best Apples or
Fragrant Pies or Wheelbarrows-'N-You.
And the King now called himself King Nominum.
There was an air of joyous discovery in the kingdom (a place briefly known
as Eldwhistle-by-the-Sea but later renamed Xuma for marketing purposes).
Darkness
Naming was in vogue, and everything was going quite well in Xuma. The
merchants went racing around putting tags and labels on everything. They
named not only their shops but every item in them.
But there were some slight problems with this tagging activity.
One day, the merchant selling "Best Apples" noticed that another merchant
down the street had tags on apples that read, simply, "Best." The merchant
who had called his shop "Fragrant Pies" was outraged when the baker across
town put up a sign saying "Our Pies are Fragrant." Two different merchants
started calling their cookies "Creamies." Somehow, independently and
simultaneously, it occurred to two restaurants to call their special
sandwiches "Teezles."
The merchants went right to King Nominum to complain. The king thought hard
about these problems. He tried to consult his son. But Prince Hal was now a
few months into his eighteenth year and was more interested in moodily
rambling around Xuma than dealing with policy questions.
A Solution
A solution came to King Nominum. He decided to form a Royal Commission for
Naming. The Commission would decide who (or what) could properly bear which
names.
The Royal Commission members felt very important.
Not only did they now have names themselves, they could decide who else
could have names!
Bliss.
They immediately delegated all of their duties to a Name Bureau and hired
clerks to run the operation.
The Name Bureau
The merchants agreed it was high time that a Name Bureau had been formed.
They had discovered that it was now difficult to sell things that didn't
have special names. The smart merchants had all printed up little cards that
read "Use This Fabulous Fudge Card To Order Your Next Piece of Fudge".
Whenever a customer hankered for a piece of fudge, he or she could simply
give the Fabulous Fudge card to a messenger, who would immediately retrieve
the product from the proper store. Regular merchants who hadn't printed up
these product name cards were sunk. (Messengers, by the way, were doing
extremely well.)
The merchants lined up politely at the Name Bureau offices to register new
special names, and the existing names were duly noted in giant books by the
diligent Name Bureau clerks.
Policy Problems
The Name Bureau clerks were soon confronted with additional disputes.
One shy merchant was (quietly) angry that his name and address was listed
next to his claim to the exclusive use of "Terrific Tomatoes" in the big
books kept by the Name Bureau.
Someone else claimed the right to sell "Terrific Chairs" and the Name Bureau
clerks had to figure out whether that might confuse the public.
The third merchant tried to claim "Tarrific Chairs," just in case a customer
couldn't spell, which didn't seem quite fair to the Name Clerk on duty (but
he registered the name anyway).
Merchants became upset when the names they wanted were taken. Defensively,
they started to register lots and lots of names to avoid disappointment. The
Best Apples merchant (remember him?) stood in front of the Name Bureau
clerks and determinedly registered name after name: Best Oranges, Best
Pineapples (he didn't even sell pineapples!), and, just to be safe, Good
Enough Apples, Okay Apples, Not So Bad Apples... and even Wormy Apples and
Best Apples Not.
So, very quickly, the Name Bureau clerks were overwhelmed. The giant
registration books became unwieldy, and a junior clerk was crushed when one
of them fell on him.
The Royal Commission
While on a seaside corporate retreat (a frequent occurrence), the Royal
Commissioners discussed the flurry of activity at the Name Bureau and the
desperate, frenzied calls for help from the Name Bureau clerks.
The Royal Commissioners made a decision: they decreed that the Name Bureau
could henceforth charge the people a fee for registering any names. And they
proclaimed that a Naming Court would be established to decide whether any
particular name "conflicted with" any other name.
Mindful of the source of their power, the Royal Commissioners were careful
to ensure that a portion of the Name Fee would go to the King's coffers.
"That should do it," they said smugly.
The Name Fee and the Naming Court
The Name Fee did slow down some silly registration activity, for a while.
And the Naming Court did quickly resolve disputes about who had the right to
register any particular new name, mostly without causing fistfights.
But, one day, a man overheard one of his neighbors complain that the name
the neighbor wanted to use for his store -- "GoodBusiness" -- was already
taken, and that the Naming Court had ruled that "BetterBusiness" would be
confusingly similar (or disparaging -- a recent refinement in the court's
doctrine).
"Oh, well," the neighbor sighed. "I'll have to find a different name."
But, as it happened, the listener had registered GoodBusiness himself (just
in case). And a novel idea struck him: "Hey, neighbor," he said (using the
old language to create a sense of familiarity), "Why don't you buy that name
from me?"
The neighbor was stunned. "You can do that?" he asked. "How much?"
A deal was cut. The market was born.
The Market
Names were flying from hand to hand. Merchants had trouble keeping up with
the need to change all their tags, as each tried to get the very best
(apologies to the apple merchant) unique names for their goods. And prices
were soaring.
Prince Hal saw all this and looked a little glummer as he tramped around the
hills of Xuma.
Meanwhile, some of the merchants were grumbling suspiciously. Every time the
Naming Court allowed someone to register a new name like "Best Shoes" (on
the ground that there were already so many things called "Best" that no one
would think they must all come from the same shop), the "Best Apples"
merchant felt he had to buy the name from the registrant -- to "avoid
confusion," as the merchant put it. This was getting expensive!
The Riot
One gloomy day, after a particularly frustrating run of Naming Court
decisions (in one of which all new tags with the word "Super" were banned),
and following an increase in the Name Fee, a names riot broke out in the
town square. Merchants were ripping labels off their neighbors' products and
screaming at each other.
The Royal Commissioners, back from their latest retreat, watched in horror.
On one side of the square, a group of teenagers watched the fracas. They
noticed that all the tags all the grownups were fighting about were written
in black ink. They had a subversive idea. They quickly opened their own Red
Tag Name Bureau. It wasn't hard. Some of them had been summer interns in the
original Name Bureau and so knew how the books were kept. They claimed they
were simply setting up an alternate source of names that wouldn't be plagued
with problems.
So now there were plain old "Best Apples" and new, red-tagged "Best Apples".
The original Best Apples merchant immediately demanded the right to register
all the red tags that included the word "Best," or any variation thereof, at
a discount. The Teezle maker who had been slow to register that tag (in the
old, black ink days) demanded that he be given priority (for a red ink tag)
over the other merchant who already had that registered name under the old
system.
Every member of the Royal Commission was red in the face with outrage. "This
must be stopped," they yelled in unison. "There can be only one set of
names! Otherwise, all is chaos!"
They turned to King Nominum, who stood in the doorway of his castle looking
bewildered and wondering whether his piece of the Name Fee was worth it (and
whether the new red-tag brokers would also pay a fee).
"Do something!" the members of the Royal Commission demanded as one.
Meanwhile, Prince Hal watched in sadness from a hillside above the town.
Labels fluttered on every piece of his clothing. The uproar from the square
was deafening.
"I just can't take this," the Prince said to himself.
Prince Hal's Journey
Prince Hal turned his back on the town and headed into the hills. He walked
as fast and as far as he could, away from the noise behind him. His head was
down and his gaze was sad.
Hours later, he came to himself and noticed that he was in an unfamiliar and
very quiet place.
He was in a forest. There were no labels. No signage. No markers. In fact,
no special names of any kind.
Prince Hal looked around him.
He heard only the sound of many birds and the wind in the trees. There were
tasty nuts, beautiful flowers, juicy berries and ripening fruit -- all of
them entirely unbranded.
The Forest
A particularly brightly-colored bird flew to a branch near him.
It had no label.
"How can you tell which nuts to eat if they don't have tags?," Hal asked the
bird.
"That's easy," said the bird. "I know that patch over there to the right is
particularly good in October. And when I want some more, I can ask another
bird to bring me nuts from that particular patch. He'll know the direction
to fly in, and he'll bring them to me. If he brings me nuts that don't taste
good, I'll know he's lying about where he got them. And I won't use him as a
messenger again."
"You mean, the name for the good patch of nuts doesn't have to belong to
anyone? You just tell the other bird where to get the good ones and it all
works out!?" The Prince was excited.
"Uh Huh", said the bird, backing away from the strangely excited prince and
wondering what kind of weirdness had been going on in town.
Prince Hal Takes Action
Prince Hal thanked the bird (he was a very polite Prince) and turned on his
heel.
He ran and ran and ran back to Xuma, his little kingdom by the sea.
The riot was still raging.
"Stop!" cried the Prince.
Everybody stopped what they were doing and stared at Prince Hal.
In the sudden silence, Prince Hal started to talk.
"You can call anything by any name you want," he said. "You don't even need
permission. You don't need a registration. Don't you remember? My name was
never registered. My father just made it up! And then most of you used it,
so it became my name. Names just show up -- they don't have to be given or
granted or bought or sold."
The people just stared.
Encouraged by the continuing silence, Prince Hal went to an apple stand and
started peeling off the "Best" tags on each apple.
"You don't need this label," he explained. "You know it comes from this
store and, even if you don't come to the store yourselves, you can send a
trusted messenger to bring it to you."
The Merchants
"But how," said a merchant, "will my customers find me?"
"That's easy," said Prince Hal. "You'll be found using whatever name and
address you like. Don't you remember how all of this trouble over names
started? Someone tried to get the exclusive right to call an apple 'best' or
to call a cookie a 'creamie' or a sandwich a 'teezle.' And someone else
pretended to sell 'Fragrant' pies that weren't from the 'Fragrant Pies'
store."
"In other words, someone got greedy. And someone lied. Someone deliberately
tried to cause confusion (and succeeded). And someone tried to take away our
right, as citizens of this kingdom, to call sandwiches 'teezles' if we want
to! Someone tried to claim that only he could use a particular word!"
"I don't get it," said the Merchant. The Prince sighed (in a patient sort of
way) and continued:
"As long as we don't create a limited supply of tags, no one can hoard them.
As long as the messenger services have good maps and lists of addresses, all
the merchants can be found. As long as people don't lie (and I suppose we'll
need to ask my father to make sure they don't), we should all be fine. And
as long as we don't give anyone the right to own the words we use together
to describe this beautiful kingdom, and everything in it, we won't have to
have Name Bureaus and Naming Courts."
The Prince was getting up a head of steam!
"We'll all decide, together, whether 'teezle' is a better name for
sandwiches or just the way we want to refer to a sandwich that comes from a
particular merchant's shop. Why should the first merchant to think of that
word get to make the decision? Maybe all sandwiches will be called
'teezles,' and we'll just have to use the merchant's name or address to make
sure we get teezles from our favorite store!"
"But my tags stand for quality!" protested one merchant.
Prince Hal knew he was about to win the argument.
"As far as the quality of the apples or sandwiches is concerned, it's really
all a matter of trust! And it's people we trust, not names! If we did
decide, together, to call only the sandwiches from one particular shop
'teezles,' then it would be wrong for someone else to call their sandwiches
by that name. But that's because it would be a lie -- in light of the way in
which we all choose to use names, and the people and shops in which we place
our trust -- not because the merchant who first thought of the name has some
right to force us to use that word in that way!"
"Aha," said the townspeople as one.
How it all Came Out in the End
And so the townspeople of Xuma began calling apples and pies and each other
whatever everyone else seemed to call them, without registering anywhere or
getting permission. And it simply didn't matter.
All the tags were taken down. All the labels were peeled off.
Everyone continued to shop at their favorite stores, to eat at their
favorite restaurants, and to accept deliveries of apples from reliable
friends and messengers.
Almost no one claimed to be someone else, or called their goods something
that they weren't -- and, if they did, they were punished.
The Royal Commission, the Name Bureau and the Naming Court all found other
employment (much to their individual relief).
The teenage Red Tag crowd and some of the original Name Bureau clerks
started a new messenger service called the "Ubiquitous Service." Ubiquitous
created a clever set of cards, all its own, that made it easy for their
customers to ask for a mix of apples or pies or cookies from different
merchants with desirable products.
Messenger services competing with Ubiquitous created different snack packs
-- where Ubiquitous used teezles from the first shop on the left, competing
services got their teezles from shops a few streets away.
The merchants were uncomfortable at first with having "teezle" used in such
inconsistent ways, and with having their particular teezles included in a
snack package selected by a lowly messenger service. But the merchants'
grumbling died down eventually because all the customers that really liked
their products could order them from home much more easily (and, as a
result, everyone -- particularly children -- seemed to be eating teezles and
creamies more often.)
Ubiquitous, by the way, was a highly successful company. In addition to the
snack pack line of business, the former Name Bureau clerks at Ubiquitous
created a directory of Xumaian cookies. For a modest fee, a Xuma cookie
maker could have his cookies listed with Ubiquitous next to a description of
where the cookies were located (behind the second house on the fourth
street, for example). Ubiquitous quickly secured funding and expanded its
coverage to include lists of teacakes, specialty pizzas, and chocolate
eclairs.
(Later, the Best Apples merchant offered to pay another messenger service --
not Ubiquitous -- to send all orders for apples to his store, regardless
what the customer asked for. The messenger service accepted the money, but
quickly went out of business when people figured out that they couldn't
trust those messengers.)
And King Nominum, who hardly missed the now uncollected Name Fee, was very
proud of his son for bringing peace and order to the kingdom once again.
*******************
As they wandered in the castle garden, savoring this success, the King
turned to his son for some additional policy advice. "Don't you think",
asked the King, "that we should make it illegal for anyone under 12 to order
a 'creamie' from a messenger without verified parental consent?"
"Oh, father," said Prince Hal, rolling his eyes, "Don't you understand?"
"Understand what?" said King Nominum.
"It'll never work. The kids will just call them something else," the wise
Prince said.
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